What is one criterion that makes a wood tie defective according to FRA?

A wood tie is considered defective if it is broken through, as this compromises its structural integrity and ability to support the railroad track effectively. A broken tie can lead to misalignment of the track, create safety hazards, and potentially cause derailments.

In contrast, ties that can hold spikes securely, show no signs of deterioration, and have a smooth surface may indicate that they are in good condition. A tie’s ability to hold spikes is critical for track stability. No signs of deterioration suggest that the tie is still functional and suitable for use, while a smooth surface can be associated with effective maintenance and longevity of the tie. However, these features do not indicate defects; rather, they contribute to the overall condition of the tie.